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mkdir– make directories Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY… eg. mkdir lhn ls– list directory contents Usage: ls [OPTION]… [FILE]… eg. ls, ls *l, ls lhn cd– changes directories Usage: cd [DIRECTORY] eg. cd lhn pwd*- print name of current working directory Usage: pwd vim– Vi Improved, a programmers text editor Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]… eg. vim lhn.txt cp – copy files and directories Usage: cp [OPTION]… SOURCE DEST eg. cp sample.txt sample_copy.txt cp sample_copy.txt target_dir mv– move (rename) files Usage: mv [OPTION]… SOURCE DEST eg. mv source.txt target_dir mv old.txt new.txt rm* remove files or directories Usage: rm [OPTION]… FILE… eg. rm file1.txt , rm *rf some_dir find– search for files in a directory hierarchy Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern] eg. find file1.txt, find *name file1.txt history– prints recently used commands Usage: history cat– concatenate files and print on the standard output Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]… eg. cat file1.txt file2.txt cat *n file1.txt echo– display a line of text Usage: echo [OPTION] [string] … eg. echo I love RST echo $HOME grep*- print lines matching a pattern Usage: grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE]… eg. grep *i apple sample.txt wc*- print the number of newlines, words, and bytes in files Usage: wc [OPTION]… [FILE]… eg. wc file1.txt wc *L file1.txt sort– sort lines of text files Usage: sort [OPTION]… [FILE]… eg. sort file1.txt sort *r file1.txt tar– to archive a file Usage: tar [OPTION] DEST SOURCE eg. tar *cvf /home/archive.tar /home/original tar *xvf /home/archive.tar kill– to kill a process(using signal mechanism) Usage: kill [OPTION] pid eg. kill *9 2275 ps– report a snapshot of the current processes Usage: ps [OPTION] eg. ps, ps *el who– show who is logged on Usage: who [OPTION] eg. who , who *b , who *q passwd– update a user’s authentication tokens(s) Usage: passwd [OPTION] eg. passwd su– change user ID or become super*user Usage: su [OPTION] [LOGIN] eg. su remo, su chown– change file owner and group Usage: chown [OPTION]… OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE… eg. chown remo myfile.txt chmod– change file access permissions Usage: chmod [OPTION] [MODE] [FILE] eg. chmod 744 calculate.sh zip– package and compress (archive) files Usage: zip [OPTION] DEST SOURSE eg. zip original.zip original unzip– list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive Usage: unzip filename eg. unzip original.zi ssh– SSH client (remote login program) “ssh is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine” Usage: ssh [options] [user]@hostname eg. ssh *X guest@10.105.11.20 scp– secure copy (remote file copy program) “scp copies files between hosts on a network” Usage: scp [options] [[user]@host1:file1] [[user]@host2:file2] eg. scp file1.txt guest@10.105.11.20:~/Desktop/ fdisk– partition manipulator eg. sudo fdisk *l mount– mount a file system Usage: mount *t type device dir eg. mount /dev/sda5 /media/target unmount– unmount file systems Usage: umount [OPTIONS] dir | device… eg. umount /media/target du– estimate file space usage Usage: du [OPTION]… [FILE]… eg. du df– report filesystem disk space usage Usage: df [OPTION]… [FILE]… eg. df quota– display disk usage and limits Usage: quota [OPTION] eg. quota *v reboot– reboot the system Usage: reboot [OPTION] eg. reboot poweroff – power off the system Usage: poweroff [OPTION] eg. poweroff kate– KDE Advanced Text Editor Usage: kate [options][file(s)] eg. kate file1.txt file2.txt vim– Vi Improved, a programmers text editor Usage: vim [OPTION] [file]… eg. vi hello.c gedit* A text Editor. Used to create and edit files. Usage: gedit [OPTION] [FILE]… eg. gedit bg– make a foreground process to run in background Usage: type ‘ctrl+z’ and then ‘bg ‘ fg– to make background process as foreground process Usage: fg [jobid] jobs– displays the names and ids of background jobs Usage: jobs sed* stream editor for filtering and transforming text Usage: sed [OPTION] [input*file]… eg. sed ‘s/love/hate/g’ loveletter.txt awk* pattern scanning and processing language eg. awk *F: ‘{ print $1 }’ sample_awk.txt find* search for files in a directory hierarchy Usage: find [OPTION] [path] [pattern] eg. find *name file1.txt locate– find or locate a file Usage: locate [OPTION]… FILE… eg. locate file1.txt Linux File Permissions 3 types of file permissions – read, write, execute 10 bit format from ‘ls *l’ command 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 file type owner group others eg. drwxrw*r** means owner has all three permissions, group has read and write, others have only read permission read permission – 4, write – 2, execute *1 eg. rwxrw*r** = 764 673 = rw*rwx*wx