Threading in C#

[Nytro]

Threading in C#

Joseph Albahari

Last updated 2011-4-27

Table of Contents
Part 1: Getting Started ..................................................................... 4
Introduction and Concepts .............................................................................. 4
Join and Sleep ....................................................................................... 6
How Threading Works ......................................................................... 7
Threads vs Processes ............................................................................ 7
Threading’s Uses and Misuses ............................................................. 8
Creating and Starting Threads ........................................................................ 8
Passing Data to a Thread ...................................................................... 9
Naming Threads ................................................................................. 11
Foreground and Background Threads ................................................ 11
Thread Priority.................................................................................... 12
Exception Handling ............................................................................ 12
Thread Pooling .............................................................................................. 14
Entering the Thread Pool via TPL ...................................................... 15
Entering the Thread Pool Without TPL .............................................. 16
Optimizing the Thread Pool ............................................................... 17
Part 2: Basic Synchronization ....................................................... 19
Synchronization Essentials ........................................................................... 19
Blocking ............................................................................................. 19
Blocking Versus Spinning .................................................................. 20
ThreadState ......................................................................................... 20
Locking ......................................................................................................... 21
Monitor.Enter and Monitor.Exit ......................................................... 22
Choosing the Synchronization Object ................................................ 23
When to Lock ..................................................................................... 23
Locking and Atomicity ....................................................................... 24
Nested Locking ................................................................................... 24
Deadlocks ........................................................................................... 25
Performance ........................................................................................ 26
Mutex .................................................................................................. 26
Semaphore .......................................................................................... 27
© 2006-2010 Joseph Albahari, O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. www.albahari.com/threading/ 2
Thread Safety ................................................................................................ 28
Thread Safety and .NET Framework Types ....................................... 28
Thread Safety in Application Servers ................................................. 30
Rich Client Applications and Thread Affinity ................................... 30
Immutable Objects .............................................................................. 32
Signaling with Event Wait Handles .............................................................. 33
AutoResetEvent .................................................................................. 33
ManualResetEvent .............................................................................. 37
CountdownEvent ................................................................................ 38
Creating a Cross-Process EventWaitHandle ...................................... 39
Wait Handles and the Thread Pool ..................................................... 39
WaitAny, WaitAll, and SignalAndWait ............................................. 40
Synchronization Contexts ............................................................................. 41
Reentrancy .......................................................................................... 43
Part 3: Using Threads .................................................................... 44
The Event-Based Asynchronous Pattern ...................................................... 44
BackgroundWorker ....................................................................................... 45
Using BackgroundWorker .................................................................. 45
Subclassing BackgroundWorker ........................................................ 47
Interrupt and Abort ....................................................................................... 48
Interrupt .............................................................................................. 49
Abort ................................................................................................... 49
Safe Cancellation .......................................................................................... 50
Cancellation Tokens ........................................................................... 51
Lazy Initialization ......................................................................................... 52
Lazy<T> ............................................................................................. 53
LazyInitializer..................................................................................... 53
Thread-Local Storage ................................................................................... 54
[ThreadStatic] ..................................................................................... 54
ThreadLocal<T> ................................................................................. 55
GetData and SetData .......................................................................... 55
Timers ........................................................................................................... 56
Multithreaded Timers ......................................................................... 56
Single-Threaded Timers ..................................................................... 58
Part 4: Advanced Topics ............................................................... 59
Nonblocking Synchronization ...................................................................... 59
Memory Barriers and Volatility ......................................................... 59
Interlocked .......................................................................................... 63
Signaling with Wait and Pulse ...................................................................... 65
How to Use Wait and Pulse ................................................................ 65
Producer/Consumer Queue ................................................................. 67
Wait Timeouts .................................................................................... 70
Two-Way Signaling and Races .......................................................... 71
Simulating Wait Handles .................................................................... 72
Writing a CountdownEvent ................................................................ 74
Thread Rendezvous ............................................................................ 75
© 2006-2010 Joseph Albahari, O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. www.albahari.com/threading/ 3
The Barrier Class .......................................................................................... 75
Reader/Writer Locks ..................................................................................... 77
Upgradeable Locks and Recursion ..................................................... 78
Suspend and Resume .................................................................................... 80
Aborting Threads .......................................................................................... 80
Complications with Thread.Abort ...................................................... 82
Ending Application Domains ............................................................. 83
Ending Processes ................................................................................ 84
Part 5: Parallel Programming ........................................................ 85
Parallel Programming ................................................................................... 85
Why PFX? .................................................................................................... 85
PFX Concepts ..................................................................................... 86
PFX Components................................................................................ 86
When to Use PFX ............................................................................... 87
PLINQ ........................................................................................................... 87
Parallel Execution Ballistics ............................................................... 89
PLINQ and Ordering .......................................................................... 89
PLINQ Limitations ............................................................................. 90
Example: Parallel Spellchecker .......................................................... 90
Functional Purity ................................................................................ 92
Calling Blocking or I/O-Intensive Functions ..................................... 92
Cancellation ........................................................................................ 94
Optimizing PLINQ ............................................................................. 94
Parallelizing Custom Aggregations .................................................... 96
The Parallel Class ....................................................................................... 100
Parallel.Invoke .................................................................................. 100
Parallel.For and Parallel.ForEach ..................................................... 100
Task Parallelism .......................................................................................... 105
Creating and Starting Tasks .............................................................. 105
Waiting on Tasks .............................................................................. 107
Exception-Handling Tasks ............................................................... 108
Canceling Tasks ................................................................................ 109
Continuations .................................................................................... 110
Task Schedulers and UIs .................................................................. 113
TaskFactory ...................................................................................... 114
TaskCompletionSource .................................................................... 114
Working with AggregateException ............................................................ 115
Flatten and Handle ............................................................................ 116
Concurrent Collections ............................................................................... 117
IProducerConsumerCollection<T> .................................................. 117
ConcurrentBag<T> ........................................................................... 118
BlockingCollection<T> .................................................................... 119
SpinLock and SpinWait .............................................................................. 121
SpinLock........................................................................................... 121
SpinWait ........................................................................................... 122[B][/B]

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